Maillard reaction. Pathogenic effects.

Volume 6, Issue 1, February 2021     |     PP. 45-60      |     PDF (210 K)    |     Pub. Date: January 24, 2021
DOI: 10.54647/cm32348    177 Downloads     4931 Views  

Author(s)

Luis E.Voyer, Teaching and Research. Pedro de Elizalde Hospital. Associated with Medicine School. Buenos Aires' University. Argentina
Caupolicán Alvarado, Nephrology Department. Pedro de Elizalde Hospital. Associated with Medicine School. Buenos Aires' University. Argentina

Abstract
Maillard reaction. Pathogenic effects. Certain organoleptic modifications by way of processing and cooking foods at high temperatures in dry heat, make them especially appetizing and object of addiction. It results from Mayllard reaction, or glycation, consisting on the non-enzymatic union between carbonyl groups, mainly from reducing sugars as glucose and fructose, with the amino groups of proteins and nucleic acids. In addition of physical changes, also the chemical structure and function of these compounds are changed. Besides exogenous glycation generated during the cooking of foods, recently in situ glycation has been reported in the intestinal lumen during digestion, when certain non-glycated foods are combined with fructose at the time of ingestion. In addition, endogenous glycation, which correlates in the extracellular mainly with blood glucose and in the intracellular with glycolysis metabolites and fructose, is especially significant. Since the 70s, with the frequent sucrose replacement by fructose, much more reactive than glucose, the presence of glycation products in processed foods and soft drinks increased. Pathogenic effects of these compounds, also called glycotoxins, are known to contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation. This increases progression of chronic diseases, well documented in diabetes, renal insufficiency, cardiovascular disease and ageing process and are being explored in many other chronic diseases as neurodegenerative diseases and early ageing. Based on the knowledge achieved so far, measures to preserve health are described by attending ways of cooking and processing foods, besides recomendations for the habits and antioxidants dietary intakes for inhibition or antagonism on glycotoxins.

Keywords
Mayllard reaction, glycation, glycotoxins, oxidative stress

Cite this paper
Luis E.Voyer, Caupolicán Alvarado, Maillard reaction. Pathogenic effects. , SCIREA Journal of Clinical Medicine. Volume 6, Issue 1, February 2021 | PP. 45-60. 10.54647/cm32348

References

[ 1 ] Machields D, Istasse L. La réaction de Maillard: importance et applications an chimie des aliments. Ann Med Vet 2002;148: 347-52
[ 2 ] Flores M. Understanding the implications of current health trends on the aroma of wet and dry cured meat products. Meat Sci. 2018; 144: 53-61.
[ 3 ] Khaw KT, Wareham N, Luben R, Bingham S, Oakes S, Welch A, Day N. Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of european prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). BMJ. 2001; 322:15-8.
[ 4 ] Bengmark S. Amplifiers of systemic inflammation: The role advanced glycation and lipoxidation and products in foods. Kuwait Med J. 2008; 40: 3-17.
[ 5 ] Uribarri J, del Castillo MD, de la Maza MP, Filip R, Gugliucci A, et al. Dietary advanced glycation end products and their role in health and disease. Adv Nutr. 2015; 6:461-73.
[ 6 ] Kalousová M, Zima T, Popov P, Spacek P, Braun M, Soukupová J, Pelinkova K, Kientsch-Engel -R. Advanced glycation end-products in patients with chronic alcohol misuse. Alcohol Alcohol. 2004; 39: 316-20.
[ 7 ] Förster A, Kühne Y, Henle T. Studies on absorption and elimination of dietary maillard reaction products. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005; 1043: 474-81.
[ 8 ] Smedsrød B, Melkko J, Araki N, Sano H, Horiuchi S. Advanced glycation end products are eliminated by scavenger-receptor-mediated endocytosis in hepatic sinusoidal Kupffer and endothelial cells. Biochem J. 1997; 322: 567-73.
[ 9 ] De Christopher LR. Perspective: The Paradox in Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products Research-The Source of the Serum and Urinary Advanced Glycation End Products Is the Intestines, Not the Food. Adv Nutr. 2017; 8: 679-83.
[ 10 ] Gugliucci A. Formation of Fructose-Mediated Advanced Glycation End Products and Their Roles in Metabolic and Inflammatory Diseases. Adv Nutr. 2017; 8: 54-62.
[ 11 ] Suárez G, Rajaram R, Oronsky AL, Gawinowicz MA. Nonenzymatic glycation of bovine serum albumin by fructose (fructation). Comparison with the Maillard reaction initiated by glucose. J Biol Chem. 1989; 264: 3674-9.
[ 12 ] Bains Y, Gugliucci A, Caccavello R. Advanced glycation endproducts form during ovalbumin digestion in the presence of fructose: Inhibition by chlorogenic acid. Fitoterapia. 2017l; 120:1-5.
[ 13 ] Aragno M, Mastrocola R. Dietary Sugars and Endogenous Formation of Advanced Glycation Endproducts: Emerging Mechanisms of Disease. Nutrients. 2017; 9: 385.
[ 14 ] Ramasamy R, Vannucci SJ, Yan SS, et al. Advanced glycation end products and RAGE: a common thread in aging, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. Glycobiology. 2005; 15: 16R-28R.
[ 15 ] Barzilay JI, Bůžková P, Zieman SJ, et al. Circulating levels of carboxy‐methyl‐lysine (CML) are associated with hip fracture risk: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2014; 29: 1061-6.
[ 16 ] Breyer V, Frischmann M, Bidmon C, Schemm A, Schiebel K, Pischetsrieder M. Analysis and biological relevance of advanced glycation end-products of DNA in eukaryotic cells. FEBS J. 2008; 275: 914-25.
[ 17 ] González Flecha FL, Castello PR, Gagliardino JJ, Rossi JP. Molecular characterization of the glycated plasma membrane calcium pump. J Membr Biol. 1999; 171: 25-34.
[ 18 ] Birlouez-Aragon I, Saavedra G, Tessier FJ, Galinier A, Ait-Ameur L, Lacoste F, Niamba CN, Alt N, Somoza V, Lecerf JM. A diet based on high-heat-treated foods promotes risk factors for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 ; 91: 1220-6.
[ 19 ] Smit AJ, Gerrits EG. Skin autofluorescence as a measure of advanced glycation endproduct deposition: a novel risk marker in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010; 19: 527-33.
[ 20 ] Enzinger C, Fazekas F, Matthews PM, Ropele S, Schmidt H, Smith S, Schmidt R. Risk factors for progression of brain atrophy in aging: six-year follow-up of normal subjects. Neurology 2005; 64:1704-11.
[ 21 ] Nadeem A, Raj HG, Chhabra SK. Increased oxidative stress and altered levels of antioxidants in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inflammation 2005; 29: 23-32.
[ 22 ] Gorska-Ciebiada M, Saryusz-Wolska M, Borkowska A, Ciebiada M, Loba J. C-Reactive Protein, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Their Receptor in Type 2 Diabetic, Elderly Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 29: 209.
[ 23 ] Smith MA, Taneda S, Richey PL, Miyata S, Yan SD, Stern D, Sayre LM, Monnier VM, Perry G. Advanced Maillard reaction end products are associated with Alzheimer disease pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 5710-4.
[ 24 ] Castellani R, Smith MA, Richey PL, Perry G. Glycoxidation and oxidative stress in Parkinson disease and diffuse Lewy body disease. Brain Res 1996; 737: 195-200.
[ 25 ] Dalfó E, Portero-Otín M, Ayala V, Martínez A, Pamplona R, Ferrer I. Evidence of oxidative stress in the neocortex in incidental Lewy body disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005; 64: 816-30.
[ 26 ] Kaufmann E, Boehm BO, Süssmuth SD, Kientsch-Engel R, Sperfeld A, Ludolph AC, Tumani H. The advanced glycation end-product N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine level is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Lett. 2004; 371: 226-9.
[ 27 ] Ma L, Nicholson LF. Expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in Huntington's disease caudate nucleus. Brain Res. 2004; 1018: 10-7.
[ 28 ] Sasaki N, Takeuchi M, Chowei H, Kikuchi S, Hayashi Y, Nakano N, Ikeda H, Yamagishi S, Kitamoto T, Saito T, Makita Z. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) and their receptor (RAGE) in the brain of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with prion plaques. Neurosci Lett. 2002; 326: 117-20.
[ 29 ] Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Piperi C, Kalofoutis A, Creatsas G. Increased levels of serum advanced glycation end-products in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005; 62: 37-43.
[ 30 ] Voyer LE, Bruno O, Ibarra L, y col. Nefropatía diabetic en la infancia. . Rev Hosp Gral Niños Pedro Elizalde. 1997; 7: 23-30.
[ 31 ] Rosenbloom AL, Silverstein JH, Lezotte DC, Richardson K, McCallum M. Limited joint mobility in childhood diabetes mellitus indicates increased risk for microvascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1981; 305: 191-4.
[ 32 ] Voyer LE. Síndromes malformativos. Secuencia de retracción caudal. En: Voyer. Ruvinski, Cambiano. Pediatría. 3erd ed. Buenos Aires. Editorial Journal. 2011. p. 1102.
[ 33 ] Uribarri J, Peppa M, Cai W, Goldberg T, Lu M, He C, Vlassara H. Restriction of dietary glycotoxins reduces excessive advanced glycation end products in renal failure patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14: 728-31.
[ 34 ] Gerrits EG, Lutgers HL, Smeets GH, Groenier KH, Smit AJ, Gans RO, Bilo HJ. Skin autofluorescence: a pronounced marker of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Nephron Extra. 2012; 2: 184-91.
[ 35 ] Gogvadze V, Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B. Mitochondria in cancer cells: what is so special about them? Trends Cell Biol. 2008; 18: 165-73.
[ 36 ] Gonzalez MJ, Miranda Massari JR, Duconge J, Riordan NH, Ichim T, Quintero-Del-Rio AI, Ortiz N. The bio-energetic theory of carcinogenesis. Med Hypotheses. 2012 ; 79: 433-9.
[ 37 ] Semba RD, Gebauer SK, Baer DJ, Sun K, Turner R, Silber HA, Talegawkar S, Ferrucci L, Novotny JA. Dietary intake of advanced glycation end products did not affect endothelial function and inflammation in healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr. 2014; 144: 1037-42.
[ 38 ] Marriott BP, Olsho L, Hadden L, Connor P. Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010; 50: 228-58.
[ 39 ] Azaïs-Braesco V, Sluik D, Maillot M, Kok F, Moreno LA. A review of total & added sugar intakes and dietary sources in Europe. Nutr J. 2017; 16: 6.
[ 40 ] White JS, Hobbs LJ, Fernandez S. Fructose content and composition of commercial HFCS-sweetened carbonated beverages. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015; 39: 176-82
[ 41 ] Poulsen MW, Hedegaard RV, Andersen JM, de Courten B, Bügel S, Nielsen J, Skibsted LH, Dragsted LO. Advanced glycation endproducts in food and their effects on health. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013; 60: 10-37.
[ 42 ] DeChristopher LR, Uribarri J, Tucker KL. Intake of high-fructose corn syrup sweetened soft drinks, fruit drinks and apple juice is associated with prevalent arthritis in US adults, aged 20-30 years. Nutr Diabetes. 2016; 6: e199.
[ 43 ] DeChristopher LR, Uribarri J, Tucker KL. Intakes of apple juice, fruit drinks and soda are associated with prevalent asthma in US children aged 2-9 years. Public Health Nutr. 2016 ; 19: 123-30.
[ 44 ] Aragno M, Mastrocola R. Dietary Sugars and Endogenous Formation of Advanced Glycation Endproducts: Emerging Mechanisms of Disease. Nutrients. 2017; 9: 385.
[ 45 ] Ali A, Devrukhkas J. In vitro study on glycation of plasma protein with artificial sweeteners. Biol Szeged 2016; 65: 7.
[ 46 ] Ali A, More TA, Hoonjan AK, Sivakami S. Antiglycating potential of acesulfame potassium: an artificial sweetener. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017; 42: 1054-63.
[ 47 ] Khalifah RG, Baynes JW, Hudson BG. Amadorins: novel post-Amadori inhibitors of advanced glycation reactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999; 257: 251-8
[ 48 ] Zimmerman GA, Meistrell M 3rd, Bloom O, Cockroft KM, Bianchi M, Risucci D, Broome J, Farmer P, Cerami A, Vlassara H, et al. Neurotoxicity of advanced glycation endproducts during focal stroke and neuroprotective effects of aminoguanidine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995; 92: 3744-8.
[ 49 ] Hagen TM, Liu J, Lykkesfeldt J, Wehr CM, Ingersoll RT, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Ames BN. Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 ; 99: 1870-5.
[ 50 ] Nandhini AT, Thirunavukkarasu V, Anuradha CV. Taurine prevents collagen abnormalities in high fructose-fed rats. Indian J Med Res. 2005; 122: 171-7.
[ 51 ] Kim CS, Park S, Kim J. The role of glycation in the pathogenesis of aging and its prevention through herbal products and physical exercise. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 2017; 21: 55-61.
[ 52 ] Yamagishi SI, Matsui T, Ishibashi Y, Isami F, Abe Y, Sakaguchi T, Higashimoto Y. Phytochemicals Against Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and the Receptor System. Curr Pharm Des. 2017; 23: 1135-41.
[ 53 ] Jessica Elizabeth T, Gassara F, Kouassi AP, Brar SK, Belkacemi K. Spice use in food: Properties and benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017; 57: 1078-88.
[ 54 ] Bains Y, Gugliucci A. Ilex paraguariensis and its main component chlorogenic acid inhibit fructose formation of advanced glycation endproducts with amino acids at conditions compatible with those in the digestive system. Fitoterapia. 2017; 117: 6-10.
[ 55 ] Kong Y, Li X, Zheng T, Lv L. Glycation of β-lactoglobulin and antiglycation by genistein in different reactive carbonyl model systems. Food Chem. 2015; 183: 36-42.
[ 56 ] Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, Cai W, Chen X, Pyzik R, Yong A, Striker GE, Vlassara H. Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010; 110: 911-16.e12.
[ 57 ] Liu Y, He XQ, Huang X, Ding L, Xu L, Shen YT, Zhang F, Zhu MB, Xu BH, Qi ZQ, Wang HL. Resveratrol protects mouse oocytes from methylglyoxal-induced oxidative damage. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e77960.
[ 58 ] Ried K, Sullivan T, Fakler P, Frank OR, Stocks NP. Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2010; 8: 39.
[ 59 ] di Cagno R, de Angelis M, Alfonsi G, de Vincenzi M, Silano M, Vincentini O, Gobbetti M. Pasta made from durum wheat semolina fermented with selected lactobacilli as a tool for a potential decrease of the gluten intolerance. J Agric Food Chem. 2005; 53: 4393-402.
[ 60 ] Couppé C, Svensson RB, Grosset JF, Kovanen V, Nielsen RH, Olsen MR, Larsen JO, Praet SF, Skovgaard D, Hansen M, Aagaard P, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Life-long endurance running is associated with reduced glycation and mechanical stress in connective tissue. Age (Dordr). 2014; 36: 9665.
[ 61 ] Nicholl ID, Stitt AW, Moore JE, Ritchie AJ, Archer DB, Bucala R. Increased levels of advanced glycation endproducts in the lenses and blood vessels of cigarette smokers. Mol Med. 1998; 4: 594-601.
[ 62 ] Cefalu WT, Bell-Farrow AD, Wang ZQ, Sonntag WE, Fu MX, Baynes JW, Thorpe SR. Caloric restriction decreases age-dependent accumulation of the glycoxidation products, N epsilon-(carboxymethyl) lysine and pentosidine, in rat skin collagen. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995; 50: B337-41.