An Innovative Self-Weld Framework of Microscale Copper Phthalocyanine

Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2019     |     PP. 1-13      |     PDF (1764 K)    |     Pub. Date: March 20, 2019
DOI:    376 Downloads     7267 Views  

Author(s)

Kai-Wei Liu, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Jia-Lin Hsu, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

Abstract
Microscale frameworks were obtained by copper phthalocyanine-sulfuric acid blends in our proposal. In the frameworks, crystals and unoccupied space are at an equivalent-size level. During dehydration, wires spontaneously weld at their contacts to construct a framework. Dehydrated and post-annealed frameworks have morphological equivalence by the applied imaging equipment. Under incident X- and IR- rays, these α-dominated frameworks have a response of β crystallites. The identification of a new X-ray-crystallographic event in α-β transition is elusive from our obtainable information. We suggest this unidentified state tends to the responsibility of our process. Observing the self-weld and flexibility indicates the high-feasibility of a free standing framework. Our proposed process and frameworks urge for the fundamental understanding in the sulfuric recrystallization of phthalocyanine. Optimizing our process, characterizing properties of frameworks, and understanding in the formation of each phase are in progress.

Keywords
phthalocyanine, framework, polymorphism, sulfuric recrystallization, organic electrode material, porous semiconductor

Cite this paper
Kai-Wei Liu, Jia-Lin Hsu, An Innovative Self-Weld Framework of Microscale Copper Phthalocyanine , SCIREA Journal of Materials. Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2019 | PP. 1-13.

References

[ 1 ] Shobana, M.K. and Y. Kim, Improved electrode materials for Li-ion batteries using microscale and sub-micrometer scale porous materials - a review. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2017. 729: p. 463-474.
[ 2 ] Biesheuvel, P.M., Y. Fu, and M.Z. Bazant, Diffuse charge and faradaic reactions in porous electrodes. Physical Review E, 2011. 83(6): p. 061507.
[ 3 ] Liu, P.S., X.B. Xu, W. Cheng, and J.H. Chen, Sound absorption of several various nickel foam multilayer structures at aural frequencies sensitive for human ears. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2018. 28(7): p. 1334-1341.
[ 4 ] Rao, Z., Y. Wen, and C. Liu, Enhancement of heat transfer of microcapsulated particles using copper particles and copper foam. Particuology, 2018.
[ 5 ] Zhang, Y., F. Chen, X. Tang, H. Huang, M. Ni, and T. Chen, Preparation and characterization of paraffin/nickel foam composites as neutron-shielding materials. Journal of Composite Materials, 2018. 52(7): p. 953-962.
[ 6 ] Latorre, N., F. Cazaña, V. Sebastian, C. Royo, E. Romeo, M.A. Centeno, and A. Monzón, Growth of carbonaceous nanomaterials over stainless steel foams. Effect of activation temperature. Catalysis Today, 2016. 273: p. 41-49.
[ 7 ] Yang, F., K. Cheng, K. Ye, X. Xiao, F. Guo, G. Wang, and D. Cao, Au- and Pd-modified porous Co film supported on Ni foam substrate as the high performance catalysts for H2O2 electroreduction. Journal of Power Sources, 2014. 257: p. 156-162.
[ 8 ] Choi, W.S., H.R. Jung, S.H. Kwon, J.W. Lee, M. Liu, and H.C. Shin, Nanostructured metallic foam electrodeposits on a nonconductive substrate. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012. 22(3): p. 1028-1032.
[ 9 ] Zou, T., X. Wang, H. Ju, L. Zhao, T. Guo, W. Wu, and H. Wang, Controllable molecular packing motif and overlap type in organic nanomaterials for advanced optical properties. Crystals, 2018. 8(1): p. 22.
[ 10 ] Katsumi, N., Y. Shin, and N. Tomonobu, Controlling molecular condensation/diffusion of copper phthalocyanine by local electric field induced with scanning tunneling microscope tip. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2018. 57(2): p. 020301.
[ 11 ] Kumar Ghorai, U., S. Saha, N. Mazumder, N.S. Das, D. Banerjee, D. Sen, and K.K. Chattopadhyay, Experimental and theoretical investigation of enhanced cold cathode emission by plasma-etched 3d array of nanotips derived from CuPc nanotube. RSC Advances, 2015. 5(30): p. 23847-23854.
[ 12 ] Ghorai, U.K., S. Das, S. Saha, N. Mazumder, D. Sen, and K.K. Chattopadhyay, Efficient and persistent cold cathode emission from CuPc nanotubes: a joint experimental and simulation investigation. Dalton Transactions, 2014. 43(24): p. 9260-9266.
[ 13 ] Ghorai, U.K., S. Saha, S. Shee, and K.K. Chattopadhyay, Facile synthesis, self-assembly mechanism and field emission property of copper phthalocyanine nanowires. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2013. 1536(1): p. 223-224.
[ 14 ] Prabakaran, R., E. Fortunato, R. Martins, and I. Ferreira , Fabrication and characterization of hybrid solar cells based on copper phthalocyanine/porous silicon. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2008. 354(19): p. 2892-2896.
[ 15 ] Kato, H., S. Takemura, K. Iwasaki, Y. Watanabe, N. Nanba, T. Hiramatsu, O. Nishikawa, and M. Taniguchi, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared studies of electrochemical doping of copper phthalocyanine molecule in conducting polymer. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, 2007. 25(4): p. 1147-1151.
[ 16 ] Hassan A.K. and R.D. Gould, Structural studies of thermally evaporated thin films of copper phthalocyanine. Physica Status Solidi (a), 1992. 132(1): p. 91-101.
[ 17 ] Fryer, J.R., R.B. McKay, R.R. Mather, and K.S. Sing, The technological importance of the crystallographic and surface properties of copper phthalocyanine pigments. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 1981. 31(1): p. 371-387.
[ 18 ] Assour, J.M., On the polymorphic modifications of phthalocyanines. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1965. 69(7): p. 2295-2299.
[ 19 ] Bock G. and W. Fabian, Novel pigmentary form of β-copper phthalocyanine. U. S. Patent 4370270, 1983.
[ 20 ] Smith, F.M. and J.D. Easton, Phthalocyanine pigments-their form and performance. Journal of the Oil & Colour Chemists Association, 1966. 49(8): p. 614-630.
[ 21 ] Hoshino, A., Y. Takenaka, and H. Miyaji, Redetermination of the crystal structure of a-copper phthalocyanine grown on KCl. Acta Crystallographica Section B, 2003. 59(3): p. 393-403.
[ 22 ] Jung, J.S., J.W. Lee, K. Kim, M.Y. Cho, S.G. Jo, and J. Joo, Rectangular nanotubes of copper phthalocyanine: application to a single nanotube transistor. Chemistry of Materials, 2010. 22(7): p. 2219-2225.
[ 23 ] Norimichi, K., S. Takao, and M. Kenjiro, The effect of metal oxides on the transformation of copper phthalocyanine crystals in organic solvents. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 1976. 49(8): p. 2029-2032.
[ 24 ] Maggioni, G., A. Quaranta, S. Carturan, A. Patelli, M. Tonezzer, R. Ceccato, and G. Della Mea, Deposition of copper phthalocyanine films by glow-discharge-induced sublimation. Chemistry of Materials, 2005. 17(7): p. 1895-1904.
[ 25 ] Resel, R., M. Roland, M. Ottmar, M. Hanack, J. Keckes, and G. Leising, Preferred orientation of copper phthalocyanine thin films evaporated on amorphous substrates. Journal of Materials Research, 2000. 15(4): p. 934-939.
[ 26 ] Zongo, S., M. S. Dhlamini, P. H. Neethling, A. Yao, M. Maaza, and B. Sahraoui, Synthesis, characterization and femtosecond nonlinear saturable absorption behavior of copper phthalocyanine nanocrystals doped-PMMA polymer thin films. Optical Materials, 2015. 50: p. 138-143.
[ 27 ] Suito, E. and N. Uyeda, Transformation and growth of copper-phthalocyanine crystal in organic suspension. Kolloid-Zeitschrift und Zeitschrift für Polymere, 1963. 193(2): p. 97-111.
[ 28 ] Xu, Z., K. Li, H. Hu, Q. Zhang, L. Cao, J. Li, and J. Huang, From bulk to nano metal phthalocyanine by recrystallization with enhanced nucleation. Dyes and Pigments, 2017. 139: p. 97-101.
[ 29 ] Achar, B.N. and K.S. Lokesh, Studies on polymorphic modifications of copper phthalocyanine. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2004. 177(6): p. 1987-1993.
[ 30 ] Erk, P. and H. Hengelsberg, Phthalocyanine dyes and pigments. The Porphyrin Handbook: Applications of Phthalocyanines, 2003. 19: p. 106-146.
[ 31 ] Verma, D., R. Dash, K.S. Katti, D.L. Schulz, and A.N. Caruso, Role of coordinated metal ions on the orientation of phthalocyanine based coatings. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2008. 70(5): p. 1180-1186.
[ 32 ] Zhu, C., Z. Qi, V.A. Beck, M. Luneau, J. Lattimer, W. Chen, M.A. Worsley, J. Ye, and E.B. Duoss, Toward digitally controlled catalyst architectures: hierarchical nanoporous gold via 3D printing. Science Advances, 2018. 4(8): p. eaas9459.
[ 33 ] Atwater, M.A., L.N. Guevara, K.A. Darling, and M.A. Tschopp, Solid state porous metal production: a review of the capabilities, characteristics, and challenges. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2018. 20(7): p. 1700766.
[ 34 ] Singh, S. and N. Bhatnagar, A survey of fabrication and application of metallic foams (1925–2017). Journal of Porous Materials, 2018. 25(2): p. 537-554.
[ 35 ] Chakravarty, U.K., An investigation on the dynamic response of polymeric, metallic, and biomaterial foams. Composite Structures, 2010. 92(10): p. 2339-2344.
[ 36 ] Fredrick, G.P., Preparation of phthalocyanine pigments. U.S. Patent 2365464, 1944.
[ 37 ] Schiessler, S., E. Spietschka, W. Tronich, and A.G. Hoechs, Process for the purification of copper phthalocyanine. U.S. Patent 4010180, 1977.
[ 38 ] Schiessler, S., E. Spietschka, H.G. Elinkmann, and A.G. Hoechst, Process for preparing copper phthalocyanine pigments of α-modification. U.S. Patent 4056534, 1977.
[ 39 ] Phthalocyanine copper dispersion system and preparation method thereof. China patent CN103992328A, 2014 (in Chinese).
[ 40 ] Huntley, C.J., K.D. Crews, and M.L. Curry, Chemical functionalization and characterization of cellulose extracted from wheat straw using acid hydrolysis methodologies. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2015: p. 9.
[ 41 ] Biermann, U.M., B.P. Luo, and T. Peter, Absorption spectra and optical constants of binary and ternary solutions of H2SO4, HNO3, and H2O in the mid infrared at atmospheric temperatures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2000. 104(4): p. 783-793.
[ 42 ] Giguère, P.A. and R. Savoie, Les spectres infrarouges de l'acide sulfurique et des oléums. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1960. 38(12): p. 2467-2476.