Lead metal ions remediation in vitro, using centrifuge-assisted pectin extract a polysaccharide-based biomolecule.

Volume 7, Issue 3, June 2023     |     PP. 54-72      |     PDF (1684 K)    |     Pub. Date: June 5, 2023
DOI: 10.54647/environmental610368    93 Downloads     83929 Views  

Author(s)

Daka Jimmy J, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Mulungushi University, P.O Box 80415, Kabwe, Central Province, Zambia.
Joseph Nondo, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Mulungushi University, P.O Box 80415, Kabwe, Central Province, Zambia.
Hyden Simwatachela, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Mulungushi University, P.O Box 80415, Kabwe, Central Province, Zambia.

Abstract
Sorption of heavy metal ions by different pectin-rich materials such as waste citrus peels and pectin extracts is emerging as a low-cost and double-headed solution technique for metallic contaminant removal and biomass solid waste management. Heavy metal ions present in drinking water and foods have remained a challenge, as the technology to thoroughly remove such heavy metal ions has remained on a higher side of the cost. Nonetheless, the effect of heavy metals on the health of humans taking contaminated water and foods has remained a constant silent threat. The results are almost certainly fatal with many instances a victim hardly knows the cause, as there is no immediate effect after their consumption. This research focused on evaluating the binding efficiency, spectroscopic characterization and extent of sorption. The study investigated the removal of lead, by pectin extract from orange peel wastes. The centrifuge-assisted pectin extract was chemically and spectrometrically characterized, for molecular conformity. The sorption of heavy metal depended on the mass of pectin, pH, and contact time. Uptake was rapid with equilibrium reached after 60 minutes with high removal of lead solution at pH 5 with efficiency of 71.0 %.

Keywords
Pectin, Heavy metals, Health, fatal

Cite this paper
Daka Jimmy J, Joseph Nondo, Hyden Simwatachela, Lead metal ions remediation in vitro, using centrifuge-assisted pectin extract a polysaccharide-based biomolecule. , SCIREA Journal of Environment. Volume 7, Issue 3, June 2023 | PP. 54-72. 10.54647/environmental610368

References

[ 1 ] Akpomie, K.G., Conradie, J., Adegoke, K.A.. Adsorption mechanism and modelling of radionuclides and heavy metals onto ZnO nanoparticles: a review. Appl Water Sci 13, 20 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01827-9.
[ 2 ] Qasem, N.A.A., Mohammed, R.H. & Lawal, D.U. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review. NPJ Clean Water 4, 36 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00127-0
[ 3 ] Krishna Kumar, A. S., Jiang, S. J. & Tseng, W. L. Effective adsorption of chromium(vi)/Cr(iii) from aqueous solution using ionic liquid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a super sorbent. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 7044–7057 (2015). DOI https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA06948J
[ 4 ] Owalude, S. O. & Tella, A. C. Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by adsorption on modified groundnut hull. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 5, 377–388 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117000.
[ 5 ] Upadhyay, U., Sreedhar, I., Singh, S. A., Patel, C. M. & Anitha, K. L. Recent advances in heavy metal removal by chitosan-based adsorbents. Carbohydr. Polym. 251, 117000 (2021). https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117000 .
[ 6 ] Rahmati, N. O., Pourafshari Chenar, M. & Azizi Namaghi, H. Recent trends of heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by membrane technologies. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 76, 17–38 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00127-0.
[ 7 ] Fu, F. & Wang, Q. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review. J. Environ. Manag. 92, 407–418 (2011). DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011 .
[ 8 ] Wang, L. K., Chen, J. P., Hung, Y.-T. & Shammas, N. K. Membrane and Desalination Technologies. Membrane and Desalination Technologies vol. 13 (2011). Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-1-59745-278-6.
[ 9 ] Silke Schiewer, Santosh B Patil 2008; Pectin-fruit waste as biosorbent for heavy metal removal: Equilibrium and Kinetics, Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 1896–1903. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.060 .
[ 10 ] Kumar, M., Nandi, M. & Pakshirajan, K. Recent advances in heavy metal recovery from wastewater by biogenic sulfide precipitation. J. Environ. Manag. 278, 111555 (2021). DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111555
[ 11 ] Tilly, G. (2010). Pectines. Techniques de l’ingénieur (ref.article: f5000), 0–12. https://doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-f5000.
[ 12 ] Pour, G., Beauger, C., Rigacci, A.. Xerocellulose: lightweight, porous and hydrophobic cellulose prepared via ambient drying. J Mater Sci 50, 4526–4535 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9002-4.
[ 13 ] Fraeye, I., Duvetter, T., Doungla, E., Van Loey, A., & Hendrickx, M. (2010). Fine-tuning the properties of pectin–calcium gels by control of pectin fine structure, gel composition, and environmental conditions. Trends in food science & technology, 21(5), 219-228. DOI:10.1016/j.tifs.2010.02.001.
[ 14 ] Debra Mohnen. Pectin structure and biosynthesis, Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2008, 11:266277. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.03.006
[ 15 ] Silke Schiewer, Santosh B Patil 2008; Pectin-fruit waste as biosorbent for heavy metal removal: Equilibrium and Kinetics, Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 1896–1903. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.060 .
[ 16 ] Balaria, Ankit & Schiewer, Silke. (2008). Assessment of Biosorption Mechanism for Pb Binding by Citrus Pectin. Separation and Purification Technology - SEP PURIF TECHNOL. 63. 577-581. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.06.023.
[ 17 ] Garnier, C., Axelos, M. A., & Thibault, J. F. (1993). Phase diagrams of pectin-calcium systems: influence of pH, ionic strength, and temperature on the gelation of pectins with different degrees of methylation. Carbohydrate. Journal carbohydrate research vol 240 pg 219 – 232. ISSN: 0008-6215.
[ 18 ] Siddiqui, A., Chand, K. & Shahi, N.C. Effect of Process Parameters on Extraction of Pectin from Sweet Lime Peels. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A 102, 469–478 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-021-00514.
[ 19 ] Marie Carene Nancy Picot-Allain, Brinda Ramasawmy & Mohammad Naushad Emmambux (2022) Extraction, Characterisation, and Application of Pectin from Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruits: A Review, Food Reviews International, 38:3, 282-312, DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1733008
[ 20 ] Garnier, C., Axelos, M. A., & Thibault, J. F. (1993). Phase diagrams of pectin-calcium systems: influence of pH, ionic strength, and temperature on the gelation of pectins with different degrees of methylation. Carbohydrate. Journal carbohydrate research vol 240 pg 219 – 232. ISSN: 0008-6215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(93)84185-9.
[ 21 ] Zouambia, Yamina & Ettoumi, Khadidja & Krea, Mohamed & Moulai-Mostefa, Nadji. (2014). A new approach for pectin extraction: Electromagnetic induction heating. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 54. DOI:10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.11.011.
[ 22 ] Balaria, Ankit & Schiewer, Silke. (2008). Assessment of Biosorption Mechanism for Pb Binding by Citrus Pectin. Separation and Purification Technology - SEP PURIF TECHNOL. 63. 577-581. 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.06.023.
[ 23 ] Krishna Kumar, A. S., Jiang, S. J. & Tseng, W. L. Effective adsorption of chromium(vi)/Cr(iii) from aqueous solution using ionic liquid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a super sorbent. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 7044–7057 (2015).
[ 24 ] Jackson CL, Dreaden TM, Theobald LK, Tran NM, Beal TL, Eid M, Gao MY, Shirley RB, Stoffel MT, Kumar MV, Mohnen D: Pectin induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: correlation of apoptotic function with pectin structure. Glycobiology 2007, 17: 805-819.
[ 25 ] Yapo BM, Lerouge P, Thibault J-F, and Ralet MC (2007) Pectins from citrus peel cell walls contain homogalacturonans homogenous for molar mass, rhamnogalacturonan I and rhamnogalacturonan II. Journal carbohydrate polymers. Vol 69 (3) 2007. ISSN: 0144-8617.
[ 26 ] Uzma Altaf, Genitha Immanuel, and Farheena Iftikhar (2015). Extraction and characterization of pectin derived from papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) peel. International Journal of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Volume 3 Issue 4: 970-974. DOI: 10.2348/ijset07150970.
[ 27 ] Tibbits, C. W., MacDougall, A. J., & Ring, S. G. (1998). Calcium binding and swelling behaviour of a high methoxyl pectin gel. Carbohydrate Research, 310(1), 101-107.
[ 28 ] Smith C Brian 2018, The C=O Bond, Part III: Carboxylic Acids, Spectroscopy, Spectroscopy-01-01-2018, Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages: 14–20.
[ 29 ] Sila, D. N., Van Buggenhout, S., Duvetter, T., Fraeye, I., De Roeck, A., Van Loey, A., & Hendrickx, M. (2009). Pectins in Processed Fruits and Vegetables: Part II-Structure- Function Relationships. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 8(2), 86–104.
[ 30 ] MacKinnon IM, Jardine WG, O'Kennedy N, Renard CMGC, Jarvis MC: Pectic methyl and non-methyl esters in potato cell walls. J Agric Food Chem 2002 Jan 16; 50 (2):342-6. Doi 10.1021/jf010597h.PMID:11782205.
[ 31 ] Matsunaga T, Ishii T, Matsumoto S, Higuchi M, Darvill A, Albersheim P, O’Neill MA: Occurrence of the primary cell wall polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II in pteridophytes, lycophytes, and bryophytes. Implication for the evolution of vascular plants. Plant Physiol 2004, 134:339-351.
[ 32 ] M.C., Drew, S.W. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: fermentation, Biocatalysis, and Bioseparation. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 433–453.
[ 33 ] Nakamura A, Furuta H, Maeda H, Takao T, Nagamatsu Y: Structural studies by stepwise enzymatic degradation of the main backbone of soybean soluble polysaccharides consisting of galacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002, 66:1301-1313.
[ 34 ] O’Neill M, Albersheim P, Darvill A: The pectic polysaccharides of primary cell walls. In Methods in Plant Biochemistry, 2. Edited by Dey PM. London: Academic Press; 1990:415-441.
[ 35 ] Powell D.A., Morris, E.R., Giddley, M.J. and Rees, D.A. (1982); Conformations and interactions of pectins – II. Influence of residues sequence on chain association in calcium pectate gels. J. Mol. Biol., 155, p. 517-531.